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<h1>Ethics of prescription medications.  J Med Ethics 33(6):337–341.</h1>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ethics of prescription medications  The Medication administration is an essential task nurses perform while providing client care.  As with any other medications, benzodiazepines can be used most safely and effectively as part of an overall treatment plan, implemented and monitored in an ongoing therapeutic alliance.  Inglesby TV, Lindsay J, Alper A, Asch DA.  2.  consumers are spending billions on complementary and alternative medicines, and nearly half of those consumers on psychiatric prescription drugs also use herbal remedies.  This practice may lead to human rights violations.  Payments to physicians by the pharmaceutical industry are common, but recent evidence shows that these payments influence physician prescribing behavior in the form of increased prescription of brand Pharmaceutical Waste.  DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER (DTC) advertising of prescription drugs has mushroomed from a few isolated and relatively sensational cases in the early 1980s to an omnipresent feature of American consumer society, powered in 2005 by $4.  [Google Scholar Ethics is an inherent and inseparable part of clinical medicine as the physician has an ethical obligation (i) to benefit the patient, (ii) to avoid or minimize harm, and to (iii) respect the values and preferences of the patient.  Find articles by AK Edwin.  Audiey C.  2008;17:93-111, ix.  Before proposing, prescribing or providing medications, treatment or devices, you must consider whether the information you have is sufficient and reliable enough to enable In Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine, 4 Jonsen, Siegler, and Winslade suggest tackling ethical dilemmas by first looking closely at facts that could help establish agreement about clinical Kepple A.  As dentists shift away from a reliance on opioids for the management of pain, they are challenged by the dilemmas of While we were concerned with the process of prescription (adoption of drugs), we must also take into account many reasons why prescribing a specific medication may be unaccepted by some physicians and not by others [20, 21].  2017;45:182–192. Views are her own. e1773 Many ethical issues arise within the broader realm of psychopharmacology, including the fair allocation of resources or the weighing of risks versus benefits in the prescribing of medications.  PR, With of the following organizations sets standards for the purity, quality,strength and consistency of prescription and over-the- counter medications? III.  At the surface level, drug advertisements update clinicians on advancements in treatment options and increase awareness of pharmaceutical options for The drug is accompanied by a copy of a valid prescription.  The programs allow physicians to glimpse into the life of each patient that visits them — sometimes before a single word is exchanged between them.  In The United States has, by far, the highest prescription drug prices in the world.  It should be noted that possession of a prescription drug without permission and Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) contain detailed information about which controlled medications physicians prescribe individuals, including where, when, how much, by whom, and more.  1 As prices of certain drugs outpace inflation, 2 the federal government has attempted to curb this trend by using drug The four principles of medical ethics – beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice – provide a pragmatic foundation and steadying influence to guide prescribing in older people where The key aims of non-medical prescribing include improving patient care and increasing patient choice in accessing medicines.  This case raises a number of ethical and legal considerations physicians routinely face when deciding whether to recommend such drugs for their patients.  It was reported that patients aged 65 years and older in the USA use 40% of all prescription drugs [ 82 ]. , Khan, E.  The AMA Code of Medical Ethics’ opinions on prescribing and advertising drugs to consumers and employing surgical placebos.  It has developed over the years since the Cumberledge report in 1986 recommended non-medical prescribing from a limited list for community-based nurses There is a growing demand for the prescription of medications to treat age-related and chronic diseases worldwide.  The ethical psychiatric Many ethical issues arise within the broader realm of psychopharmacology, including the fair allocation of resources or the weighing of risks versus benefits in the prescribing of medications.  2009;32:259-270.  AMA CODE SAYS .  The ethical psychiatric practitioner has the responsibility to know and continue to learn the latest empirical findings on psychopharmacologic and The ethical argument for prescribing.  25.  Ethical and legal guidelines provide some guidance but leave a lot of area open for physician interpretation.  Finally, when comfort is the primary goal of care, prescribing regimens should align with this goal and medications of questionable benefit and potential harm should be discontinued. ccas4-0606.  Ethics of Prescription Medication Access, Innovation, and Prescribing .  Aside from the lack of data on efficacy, some doctors are reluctant to recommend a drug whose form, contents, dosage, and type cannot be specified, as they would be in a typical drug prescription [14]. e1773 Studies suggest that those with prescription access cut off are twice as likely to turn to heroin. , Ph.  and this increase in off-label therapy underscores the clinical need for an .  Miller LJ.  The authors explore a case study considering a new cancer treatment that has shown promise in increasing life expectancy by one to six months in late-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).  doi: 10.  In the coming This chapter covers ethical issues requiring consideration when prescribing antipsychotic medications, with particular focus on prescribing that involves high-dose antipsychotics or polypharmacy.  The widespread availability of the Medical practitioners are revisiting many of the ethics and the legal implications surrounding the clinical frameworks within which we operate.  Dec 28, 2024&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;According to the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), drugs, substances, and certain chemicals used to make drugs are classified into 5 categories or schedules depending on the drug’s acceptable medical use and abuse or dependency potential.  The physician may be found grappling with the decision of whether to continue to treat a patient who may be obtaining psychotropic For instance, primary care physicians may have lower prescription-related earnings compared to specialists like oncologists or psychiatrists who manage complex treatment regimens requiring numerous medications.  This review will characterise generic medications and some of the legal and ethical issues around utilisation of these medications, focusing on the relevant players, including pharma, government, patients and doctors.  Ethics and Pediatric Psychopharmacology 4 medications in children agree on the importance of respecting a child's developmental process and maintaining a “developmental perspective” but reasonable disagreements arise in the interpretation and application of this principle.  Weight loss medications specifically approved for adolescents are relatively new, with off-label prescriptions being the norm.  Gain real-time access to critical clinical data, including a patient’s medication history and substance use disorder risk factors, at the moments that matter most—when prescribing or dispensing controlled substances.  Rachel F. This suggests that patients may be reducing their adherence to inhaled medications Oct 1, 2022&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;Pharmaceutical Waste.  Published 2017.  We systematically reviewed the research on patients’ and prescribers’ perceptions of, and self-reported behaviors prompted by, exposure to direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) 1 of prescription drugs that occurs in the context of a clinical encounter.  Development of legislation on non-medical uses and distribution of prescription medications as well as the education of healthcare professionals and the public about the dangers of misusing prescriptions were common suggestions.  The guiding principles of medicines optimisation, which involve understanding the patient experience, the evidenced-based choice of medicines, and making medicines use as safe as possible, are key to achieving the aims. com Prescription and administration of pro re nata (PRN) medications has remained a poorly discussed area of the international literature regarding ethical tenets influencing this type of medication practice.  Article Google Scholar Hoek, J. 6.  Surveys about disposal medication should be encouraged to gather more According to the GMC's Good Medical Practice, drugs or treatment, including repeat prescriptions, should only be prescribed by a doctor with adequate knowledge of the patient's health, and who is therefore Ethics; What you should know about drug price reform : Shots - Health News A deal on the table in Congress would help deliver on a long-time promise: to make prescription drugs more affordable.  Dispense drugs More recently, escalating prices, formulary restrictions, and other clinician-prescribers have reshaped physicians’ roles.  A recent study found that from 2004 to 2016, the mean out-of-pocket costs for commonly prescribed medications for multiple Objectives People with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and autism are subjected to restrictive practices like physical restraint and the overuse of psychotropic medications for challenging behaviour in the absence of a psychiatric disorder.  The approach, developed in the United States, is based on four common, basic prima facie moral commitments--respect for autonomy, beneficence, non Elaha Hamidy ‘23 is a neuroscience major with a minor in public health at Santa Clara University and a 2021-22 health care ethics intern at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.  The pharmaceutical industry spends $4. [6] Some die by overdose or suicide.  In today's world, distinguishing between virtual and physical reality continues to be increasingly difficult.  1 The World Health Organization defines pharmaceutical waste as expired, unused, and Citation: Examining the ethical duality of using prescription drug monitoring programs in the fight against opioids (2024, February 13) retrieved 17 January 2025 from https://medicalxpress.  FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF .  Possible measures include stricter regulation 1 day ago&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;Prescription refill rate (PRR) for several inhaled medications were compared before and after ETI introduction in three major Italian CF centers.  The world is in the midst of a crisis of over-medication, with the US alone buying up 49,000 tonnes of paracetamol every year – equivalent to about 298 paracetamol tablets per person – and the average American consuming $1,200 worth of prescription medications over the same period. 27 trillion in 2020.  The ethical clearance for the study was given by the Health Sciences Research Ethics Board (HSREB#912502) of Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sterile compounding technicians do not generally prepare medications that are delivered by which of the following routes? a.  The primary responsibility to regulate and enforce prescription drug practices falls to states. D.  Snowballing drug prices fuel an emotional debate, in which the lines between ethics and economics often blur, sometimes dividing society, illustrated by last year’s US presidential election campaign.  Off-label use varies according to therapeutic class and patient group, and often occurs in those who are vulnerable. 2022.  Second, advertising prescription medications as if they were no different than snacks, such Oct 5, 2021&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;In this position statement, we discuss ethical concerns raised by high drug costs, primarily focusing on concerns around distributive justice.  Such ethical requirement is supported by both deontological and consequentialist perspectives.  They do not necessarily require a prescription, for example, antihistamines.  Novel—and very costly—medications designed to cure and not simply treat medical conditions have arrived.  O.  Our ethical code describes the responsibility of the staffs of FDO in terms of community and defines its susceptibility to Consider the ethical and legal implications of evaluating and prescribing by telephone.  The drug is imported under such other conditions as the Secretary determines to be necessary to ensure public Legalities of Off-Label Prescription Drug Marketing and Use Physicians like Dr.  2 Market exclusivity is an important factor in high U.  We consider forms of rationing, approaches to allocation, potential complexities in real-life application, and structural forces contributing to high drug costs. These high spending rates are expected to increase at a rate of 3 Anyone who watches television has likely seen commercials promoting the benefits of prescription medications. S.  We survey recent literature on the ethics and economics of skyrocketing pharmaceutical prices and find that advances in economic research have increased the sharpness and focus of the ethically based calls to increase access by modifying patent protection and reducing prices.  Responsibility starts with us being well-informed and remaining current with the plethora of new medication and specialty drugs on the market.  108 Currently, pharmaceuticals are intended as an adjunct rather than as monotherapy 17 after lifestyle and behavioral medications, such as IHBLTs, fail to produce weight loss.  Shannin might worry about legal implications of prescribing off-label.  (FDA) has a critical role in determining future directions of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs, physicians should work to ensure that the FDA remains committed to advertising standards that The legalization of a previously controlled substance (e.  AMA Code Says AMA Code of Medical Ethics’ Opinions Related to Prescription Drugs Rachel F.  In: Hood, P.  Pain.  physicians must recognize that the problem of prescription drug misuse is not simply AMA Journal of Ethics, August 2019 627 AMA Journal of Ethics&#174; August 2019, Volume 21, Number 8: E627-629 .  Efforts have been made to increase attention to the ethics of the opioid crisis, particularly in the areas of prescription practices, naloxone availability, and clinician regulations.  The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernisation Act, forbids Medicare from directly negotiating with manufacturers.  drug prices; on average, top-selling pharmaceuticals in In conclusion, pharmaceutical marketing raises several ethical considerations, including the promotion of prescription drugs directly to consumers and the promotion of drugs for off-label uses.  There is certainly an ethical dilemma surrounding Deprescribing is the term used to describe the process of withdrawal of an inappropriate medication supervised by a clinician.  Fine, MD .  The data about herbal medicine Deprescribing efforts should always emphasize the consideration of ethical principles, including autonomy, beneficence, and non-maleficence. 2006.  These programs may provide valuable information to assess the history and use of controlled But these physicians forgot to ask about the patient's prescription drug insurance more than half the time when actually writing the prescription.  The current study observes that while several studies have been conducted on the direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs, none has explicitly evaluated the ethical dimension DTCA of prescriptions, as such a knowledge gap still exists with regard to the ethics of DTCAs.  It was reported that patients aged 65 years and older in the USA use 40% of all prescription drugs .  some on prescription for conditions like diabetes and some to bring about weight loss If the patient is abusing, the source of harmful drugs will be curtailed, perhaps lowering the risk for unintentional overdose.  5 That is, by considering the ethical value of the action alone and by considering the possible consequences of the action; it becomes obvious that the right thing to do when errors occur is for doctors to tell patients about the errors.  Objective: The aim of this article is to discuss ethical, practice and policy Many ethical issues arise within the broader realm of psychopharmacology, including the fair allocation of resources or the weighing of risks versus benefits in the prescribing of medications.  A lack of awareness of the negative consequences was also identified as a reason for opioid misuse due to false perceptions of safety, since they are legally prescribed medications.  It wasn’t that long ago when few prescription medications were available to treat what ailed patients.  In doing so, less restrictive Kepple A.  5.  2006;8(6):377-380.  Dr. 1177/1073110517720647.  PDUFA raises conflict of interest and other ethical concerns about the FDA receiving financial support from Drug use - Social Impact, Addiction, Treatment: There are many social and ethical issues surrounding the use and abuse of drugs.  Geographic Location Dec 1, 2008&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;This does not include prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications nor nutraceuticals, a broader category of nutrients (vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals) that are added to food or beverages above the level of general fortification (8, 9).  In what follows, we make this ethical case by assessing SS’s potential impact on two core values of medicine: patient well-being and patient autonomy.  However, to assess whether to prescribe and administer PRN medications, ethical tenets state that the nurse should go beyond instrumental State Laws on Prescription Drug Misuse and Abuse.  2010;148(3):365-367. DTC advertising of prescriptiondrugs is ethical because it leads to more informed consumerswho can partner with their doctors to find the best A: For many decades, opioid medications have been the mainstay of treatment for acute dental pain.  Prescribing and Dispensing Drugs and Devices (1) Physicians should prescribe drugs, devices, and other Our ethical hub has resources on applying our guidance in practice to help you decide if face-to-face or remote consultations are appropriate in other situations.  Kao, MD, PhD .  These programs may provide valuable information to assess the history and use of controlled substances and contribute to clinical decisionmaking in the emergency department (ED).  This chapter covers ethical issues requiring consideration when prescribing antipsychotic medications, with particular focus on prescribing that involves high-dose antipsychotics or polypharmacy.  Despite the need for ongoing observation by the regulatory apparatus, physicians should be cognizant of the limitations of the drug approval system and the post-approval prescription drug The safe and effective use of medications in pediatric populations is an important and underdeveloped area of health services research.  It is the contention of the author that nurses have an ethical responsibility to advocate against Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, such as codeine, are available as an OTC drug at common drugstores and major e-commerce platforms, despite their known propensity for causing psychological dependence and harm from overuse.  A summary of each provision from the Code of Ethics and how it affects medication administration is outlined below.  We are writing both to respond to Ballantyne and Fleisher’s 2010 article on the ethics of opioid prescribing [1] and to join the authors in calling for continued progress in rational, ethical, and practical decision making surrounding the use of opioids in the treatment Prescription drug monitoring programs are statewide databases available to clinicians to track prescriptions of controlled medications.  The Board of The &quot;four principles plus scope&quot; approach provides a simple, accessible, and culturally neutral approach to thinking about ethical issues in health care.  Perry G.  2009; 10: 9.  AMA .  Prescription drug accessibility and affordability in the United States and abroad.  While scrolling through any social The cost of drugs is a major and rapidly rising component of health-care expenditures.  1 Some estimates put the percent An ethics opinion is an educational guide for practitioner conduct; it is meant to be a comprehensive review of the issue.  J.  One may wonder why, even though the ethical and legal principles of informed consent and shared decision making are not being upheld, off-label use has become so prevalent in the daily practice of medicine.  Although federal agencies such as the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality have identified medication safety as a priority research area and children/adolescents as a priority research population, specific guidance for conducting The prescribing and provision of medications sought after for abuse carries with it a professional obligation to limit access to medications when requests are of uncertain origin.  At the community level, disrupting the pipeline of prescription drugs to nonmedical users may also be of benefit.  (2002).  Finally, we consider potential policy Aug 26, 2019&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;The August issue of the AMA Journal of Ethics&#174; (@JournalofEthics) features numerous perspectives on access to prescription medications and gives you an opportunity to earn Oct 3, 2022&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, such as codeine, are available as an OTC drug at common drugstores and major e-commerce platforms, despite their known propensity for causing psychological dependence and harm from overuse.  Article The practice of medicine forces medical practitioners to make difficult and challenging choices on a daily basis.  These issues are made complex particularly because of conflicting values concerning drug use within Research into these effects couldn’t come at a better time.  Global pharmaceutical spending has risen from $887 billion in 2010 to $1.  Access to treatment can be a matter of life or death, and the closed-door negotiations that keep patients and providers Medication prescription and management have not been traditionally seen as the role of the psychologist, however, many clinical psychologists have begun to advocate for prescription authority as a legally sanctioned role for their profession.  4.  Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 1, 139–157.  Companies can A study determined that prescription and administration account for about 80% of the errors This means that there are many ethical concerns just in making a decision on what drug should be added to country's drug list.  Clinicians are afforded substantial deference in prescribing practices and other treatments falling within the realm of the actual practice of medicine, including prescribing for In this article, we review the ethical issues surrounding prescription drug monitoring programs and how those issues might be addressed to ensure the proper application of this tool in the ED.  Global spending on prescription drugs in 2020 is expected to be ~$1.  Furthermore, a lack of explanation, written Federal Drug Importation Regulation.  Ogston-Tuck, S.  Some patients will readily disclose the use of dietary supplements, but others might be more reluctant to provide this information.  Non-Adherence and Patient Duties. , marijuana) or the conversion of a prescription drug to an OTC drug (e.  This article addresses the issues of clinical psychologists seeking prescriptive privilege.  Using drugs off-label has become a common practice in dentistry (Table 1, page 38), 1–8 .  Avoid prescribing medications in isolation from other therapies.  There is no doubt that symptom exacerbation and relapse are adverse clinical outcomes, but the consequence for clinical trial participants Background: Medicine use is considered off-label when used for an indication, at a dose, via a route of administration or in a patient group not included in the approved product information.  Potential liability for drug prescription takes on an added dimension as medicine comes to be practiced increasingly by telecommunication rather than in person.  Possible measures include stricter regulation Outside this exception, approval is given making the drug or vaccine available for prescription and, lastly post-marketing studies which take care of special studies and long – term effectiveness or use of the drug.  In some cases, Medication prescription and management have not been traditionally seen as the role of the psychologist, however, many clinical psychologists have begun to advocate for prescription authority as a legally sanctioned role for their profession.  However, safe medication administration is more than just a nursing task; it is a process involving several members of the health care team, as Adverse events and inappropriate prescribing are estimated to cost more than &#163;750 million per year, highlighting the importance of doctors being well-informed on the relevant medical law and ethics.  Medication practice should consider patients’ rights through the prescription of medicines with the fewest side effects, and patient participation by informing them of all possible adverse or Prescribe drugs, devices, and other treatments based solely on medical considerations, patient need, and reasonable expectations of effectiveness for the particular patient.  The widespread availability of the New Injectable Weight Loss Drugs Pose Ethical Issues, Says Ethicist. g.  The drug is a prescription drug approved by the Secretary.  Sub-Q d.  Prescription of antipsychotic medication currently holds a Abstract. , steroids) From a viewpoint of public health ethics, these OTC drugs need to be up-scheduled as long as self-medication can be achieved through other less addictive alternatives.  (2020).  On the one hand we are obligated to cure with every resource available, while on the other hand we put the patient at risk because our Jan 9, 2025&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;The average American uses about 10 prescriptions a year, accounting for 8 percent of the nation's health expenditures; a percentage which is expected to rise in the coming decade.  The data about herbal medicine Participants stated that prescription medications are more easily accessible and easier to hide because they are legal and prevalent.  This month’s issue explores these changes and strategies for improving access to medications This commentary explores legal, ethical, and practical considerations for pharmacists and prescribers working together to address uncertainty in drug prescribing.  Primary Health Care .  Rational and About This Document; Issues in Ethics Statements: Definition; Introduction; Discussion; About This Document.  Misuse of and dependence on over-the-counter drugs are serious public health issues.  It has been updated to make any references to the Code of Ethics consistent with the Code of Ethics (2016).  insufficient knowledge regarding adequate prescription of analgesics; 4) conflicting notions associated with drug-induced risk of tolerance and The association of consumer cost-sharing and direct-to-consumer advertising with prescription drug use.  J Med Ethics 33(6):337–341.  19 Another study, conducted at Lakeview Internal Medicine, a private clinic in West Des Moines, Iowa, showed an increase in generic prescriptions following a 90-day removal of drug samples [27].  The Ethics Committee initiated the following opinion.  1 This explosive growth—most intense in the past decade—has inverted the role of physician as learned Abstract Background.  To have or not to have? Ethics and regulation of direct to consumer advertising of prescription medication.  Ethical Approval and Despite the abundant literature on the burden of rising costs of prescription medications, there is limited research to explore how these costs affect people and the decisions they are forced to make within the context of disability.  It Abstract.  Prescription drug use and self As a bioethicist working on the ethical and policy issues regarding prescription opioids, I am grateful to the National Academy of Medicine for inviting me to serve on this publication’s U.  Fund TC; The Commonwealth Fund; 2010.  15,16,17 However, the ethics of this crisis still have Treatment of family, friends and self is widespread among physicians, with antibiotics, antihistamines and contraceptives among the most commonly involved medications.  This research offers an important perspective on the broader goal of incorporating patient and prescriber voices in Prescription of medications for off-label indications is an increasingly common practice; recent events highlight such prescribing as one of the cornerstones of evolving clinical treatment.  1. 1001/virtualmentor.  Duncan Institute for the Study of Therapeutic Change Ft. 8. 7748/phc. 1 Lacking a single, correct interpretation on which Weight Loss Medications for Adolescents .  High prescription drug prices in the United States (US) are driven by the fact that brand-name drug manufacturers are freely able to set prices at the time of launch, whereas in Prescription drug monitoring programs are statewide databases available to clinicians to track prescriptions of controlled medications.  The Controlled Substance Act (CSA) lists factors considered when determining which Feb 9, 2017&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;As noted above, it is important to remember that the marketing of prescription medication has been identified as an important driver of over-medicalization as companies seek to maximize the sales of a drug and foster the creation of new consumer markets.  Ethics. [7] To be fair, the current regulations do exhibit some regard for privacy.  This research offers an important perspective on the broader goal of incorporating patient and prescriber voices in Nov 1, 2022&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;Transparency Cuts Both Ways.  When a patient's health insurance includes a prescription drug plan, part of the cost To help family physicians achieve an ethical balance in their opioid prescribing practices. 8 (5 reviews) Flashcards; Learn; Test; Match; Q-Chat; Get a hint.  There is a consensual opinion that adequate management of pain is a medical obligation rooted in classical Greek practice.  Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK.  Ethics in Psychopharmacology Practice The practice of psychopharmacology has pro-foundly inﬂuenced the evolution of clinical psy- A guide for the ethical conduct of off-medication research is available, 6,7 but the suggested criteria for enhanced safety and risk minimization are rarely mentioned in reports of placebo-controlled trials. .  41 – 44 The patient should be the Prescribing Placebos.  Ethical issues in perinatal mental health.  Abstract .  Specialists often deal with high-cost prescription drugs that can yield higher commissions or bonuses.  Law Med.  The ethics of clinical trials makes research scientific and provides information about the safety and efficacy of drugs or The amount of Prescription Drug User Fee Act fees collected from industry increased from an annual mean of $66 million in 1993-1997 to $820 million in 2013-2017, and in 2018, user fees accounted Ballantyne JC, Fleisher LA.  Citation.  This chapter intends to provide a brief overview of the basic ethical principles that are applicable to natural health products (NHPs), including herbal medicines.  If patients receive medication through Federal “Part II” programs, their consent is required to record the prescription in the PDMP.  Beneficence, nonmalfeasance (nonmaleficence), and patient autonomy are important pillars of biomedical ethics that also apply to the realm of natural medicines (Kemper and Cohen 2004).  Are physicians equipped to fulfill this ethical obligation and can their ethical skills be improved? This first article identifies the main professional dimensions of prescribing practice, while the second article focuses on the legal and ethical aspects. [8] The complexity of medications should be considered in the elderly, where deprescribing or stopping medication is frequent, leading to the accumulation of unused drugs.  What is Drug Diversion? who regulates the safety and effectiveness of prescription drugs? the Federal Prescription Drug Marketing Act (1987) What are the most commonly abused prescription drugs? As director of the Health Outcomes, Policy, and Evidence Synthesis group at the University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, I teach and study about the ethics of prescription drug prices and the These ethical differences are easy enough to sort out in the theoretical realm.  In Ethics and the prescription pad.  (eds) Understanding Online pharmacies provide patients with an appealing alternative to the local pharmacy and are attracting a growing number of patients to their sites ().  &amp; Madaan V.  1 However, the current prescription opioid misuse and abuse epidemic creates a moral imperative for dentists to reevaluate pain-management strategies. 7% to A prescription medication is a licensed medicine that is regulated by law to necessitate a medical prescription before it can be obtained.  The ethical psychiatric Pharmacology Ch.  The AMA Code of Medical Ethics offers guidance on topics related to prescription drugs, including access, stewardship, and professionalism.  The rising cost of prescription drugs poses affordability challenges for both patients and the federal government, with the United States spending more on prescription drugs per capita than other high-income countries.  Ethics of Prescription Medication Access, Innovation, and Prescribing Audiey C.  Prescription Drug Advertising and Promotion Regulations and Enforcement in Select Global Markets by Upasana Marwah, Dana Huettenmoser, and Sheetal Patel The Pharmaceutical Prescription drug prices in the United States are higher than in any other industrialized nation in the world, mainly owing to the increased use of new, more expensive drugs and the steady price rise of brand-name prescription drugs.  Gibson, a second-year family medicine resident, spends two afternoons a 1 Department of Medicine, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, P. They offer some benefits to consumers but have triggered reexamination of the The practice and study of pain management pose myriad ethical challenges.  But medical decision making does not take place in a vacuum.  Legal and Ethical Issues Associated with Medication.  JONATHAN VANKIN 29 SEP 2017 The oath allows pharmacists to turn down a patient’s prescription if, for example, they determine that a medicine would Jun 22, 2022&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;This first article identifies the main professional dimensions of prescribing practice, while the second article focuses on the legal and ethical aspects.  Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am.  Several provisions from the Code of Ethics impact how nurses should administer medication in an ethical manner.  Efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action are important considerations; however, how well do These authors describe deprescribing as an essential component of the “good prescribing continuum, which spans therapy initiation, dose titration, changing or adding drugs, The August issue of the AMA Journal of Ethics&#174; (@JournalofEthics) features numerous perspectives on access to prescription medications and gives you an opportunity to earn This article is part one of two exploring the core professional, legal and ethical dimensions of prescribing.  Clients may take herbaceuticals, over-the-counter drugs, and dietary supplements instead of, or in combination with, prescription drugs.  IV c.  Sen P, Gordon H, Adshead G, Irons A (2007) Ethical dilemmas in forensic psychiatry: two illustrative cases.  Consider the ethical and legal implications of evaluating and prescribing by telephone. , &amp; Gendall, P.  RDs interested in Nov 1, 2016&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;Prescription drug monitoring programs are statewide databases available to clinicians to track prescriptions of controlled medications. 1 Lacking a single, correct interpretation on which The AMA Journal of Ethics published an article discussing the ethics of prescribing expensive drugs with limited or unknown efficacy.  Lauderdale, FL Prescriptions for psychiatric drugs to children and adolescents have skyrocketed in the According to one study, the rate of co-prescription rose significantly from 4.  9.  Code of Medical Ethics ’ Opinions Related to Prescription Drugs .  The AMA Code of Medical Ethics offers guidance on topics related to prescription drugs, including access, stewardship, and Ethics Commentary PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Honor Hsin, M.  As an example, in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Legal and Ethical Complexities for Health Care Professionals.  Caplan, PhD .  3 Indeed, the relief of all forms of pain and suffering is an ethical duty of health care professionals and societies as well and has been recognized throughout the world as an ethical demand and human right.  To get a better understanding of the ethics of non-adherence, it will be useful to think about how non-adherence relates to the patient's duties, since non-adherence appears to involve the patient's failure to uphold his/her ethical duties in the physician-patient relationship (Citation Jacobson, 2000; Citation Brown, Dickson, &amp; Van Tackling the Biggest Challenges in Prescription Monitoring.  Variables such as the degree of socialization, proximity to peers, rural vs.  8.  Disclosures.  We found a significant decrease in PRR for most inhaled antibiotics and dornase-alpha after ETI implementation.  BMC Med Ethics.  The drug is in the form of a final finished dosage that was manufactured in an establishment registered under &#167; 510. 3 trillion; the United States alone will spend ~$350 billion 1.  The lack of scientific The AMA Code of Medical Ethics’ opinions on the sale and dispensing of health-related products.  is no basis for distinguishing participation in team decisions regarding the use of OTC medications from those for prescription medications.  IM b.  Reference is made to a contemporary prescribing model, RAPID Nurse prescribing has become well established in the UK.  Although total sales information of dietary supplements for weight loss is not available, the Sep 29, 2017&ensp;&#0183;&ensp;The Ethics of Dispensing Medication Against Moral Beliefs. 8 billion in advertising aimed at consumers.  The high cost of prescription drugs is rapidly becoming a serious barrier to care for many Americans.  will show that non-disclosure of medical errors to patients and/or their families is a violation of ethical principles and cannot ever be justified.  when considering the appropriateness of an opioid prescription, with its many ethical implications, the decision can be usefully guided by the application of the ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for autonomy, and justice The complexity of medications should be considered in the elderly, where deprescribing or stopping medication is frequent, leading to the accumulation of unused drugs. This issue of the AMA Journal of Ethics explores the topic of prescription medications from many angles. 2 Legal, Regulatory, and Ethical Aspects of Drug Administration.  Patients have felt the effects of these changes in many ways, including increased costs.  The amount of marijuana Ethical issues, such as (1) the lack of a sound database on long-term efficacy and safety due to a limited number of clinical trials in this population, (2) the lack of knowledge about adverse events related to the off To compile a complete medication list for each patient, practitioners should ask about use of prescription medications, over-the-counter medications, vitamins and minerals, and herbal supplements at each visit.  Ethical issues in opioid prescribing for chronic pain.  Clinical decisionmaking in regard to the appropriate use of opioids and other controlled substances is complex and should take into account all relevant As pharmaceutical companies continue to advertise directly to consumers and practicing clinicians, practitioners need to be aware of the implications of such marketing strategies on patient care. This Issues in Ethics statement is a revision of Prescription (originally published in 2001, and revised in 2010 and 2015).  This article presents a discussion of how the Four Principles of biomedical ethics (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice) that may guide medical practitioners' prescribing practices apply to deprescribing medications in older adults.  This article describes legal, cognitive, and organizational culture influences on safe prescribing of controlled substances.  It is important to remember that though FDA approval is based on available evidence of the effectiveness and safety of a drug for the specific indication for which it was tested, it does not AMA Journal of Ethics&#174; August 2019, Volume 21, Number 8: E642-644 .  The United States is experiencing an unprecedented epidemic of prescription drug overdose deaths.  The practice of medicine and, more broadly, health care is theoretically an ethical enterprise.  The term By using medications like this, doctors can work towards resolving obesity before it leads to major health concerns.  1 The World Health Organization defines pharmaceutical waste as expired, unused, and Abstract.  Arthur L.  State laws are often used to prevent various injuries, with demonstrated benefits.  Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2 billion in promotional dollars.  Harbut and Danielle Hahn Chaet, MSB .  Box KB591, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana.  Prescribing SS is ethically justified based on a number of different ethical approaches.  PDF Altmetric Case.  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